Resources for Families

American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA): About Umbilical Conditions
American College of Surgeons (ACS): Patient Education on Pediatric Umbilical Hernia Repair
HealthyChildren.org (AAP): Umbilical Hernia in Babies and Children

Resources for Providers

Choosing Wisely Campaign (recommended by AAP and AAFP)

Almeflh W, AlRaymoony A, AlDaaja MM, Abdullah B, Oudeh A (2019).  A systematic review of current consensus on timing of operative repair versus spontaneous closure for asymptomatic umbilical hernias in pediatric.  Med Arch 73(4):268-71.  DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2019.73.268-271

Hills-Dunlap JL, Melvin P, Graham DA et al (2020).  Variation in surgical management of asymptomatic umbilical hernia at freestanding children's hospitals.  J Pediatr Surg 55(7):1324-9.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.06.005

Kohler JE, Cartmill RS, Yang D, Fernandes-Taylor S, Greenberg CC (2020).  Age-dependent costs and complications in pediatric umbilical hernia repair.  J Pediatr 226:236-9.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.008

Linnaeus ME, Ostlie DJ (2016).  Complications in common general pediatric surgery procedures.  Sem Pediatr Surg 25:404-411.  DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.10.002

Zens TJ, Nichol PF, Cartmill R, Kohler JE (2017). Management of asymptomatic pediatric umbilical hernias: a systematic review.  J Pediatr Surg 52(11):1723-1731.  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.07.016

Zens TJ, Rogers A, Cartmill R et al (2019).  Age-dependent outcomes in asymptomatic pediatric umbilical hernia repair.  Pediatr Surg Int 35:463-468.  DOI: 10.1007/s00383-018-4413-3